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Liverpool & The Slave Trade
Liverpool In Pictures - Site Search
Background to the slave tradeAfter the European discovery of the Americas and West Indies, land was distributed to Europeans who founded plantations to grow commodities much sought after back home. These included sugar, tobacco and cotton. In order to produce goods at a profitable rate, cheap labour was required to work the plantations At first, the native people of America and the West Indies were used as salves but overwork, disease and ill-treatment led to serious labour shortages. Attempts were then made to obtain labour from Ireland and England. English servants could gain free passage and the promise of land, by agreeing to be bound to an employer for a set number of years, but few took up the offer. Why slaves from Africa
Although there is some truth in these arguments, the main reason was that Africans made good slave labourers because many of them were skilled artisans. However the hard life of a slave meant nearly one-third of all slaves were dying within three years, creating a constant demand to replace them. Thus started a notorious period in British and American history: that of the slave trade. The Slave Trade TriangleThe transatlantic slave trade generally followed a triangular route. Traders set out from European ports towards Africa's west coast laden with items such as guns, cloth and metal goods. There they bought slaves in exchange for their European cargo and loaded them into the ships. The voyage across the Atlantic itself generally took six to eight weeks. Once in the Americas, those Africans who had survived the journey were off-loaded for sale and put to work as slaves. The ships returned to Europe with goods such as sugar, coffee, tobacco, rice and later cotton, which had been produced by slave labour. The triangle, involving three continents, was complete. European capital, African labour and American land and resources combined to supply a European market. By the 1730s about 15 ships a year were leaving for Africa and this grew to about 50 a year in the 1750s, rising to just over a 100 in each of the early years of the 1770s. Numbers declined during the American War of Independence (1775-1783), but rose to a new peak of 120-130 ships annually in the two decades preceding the abolition of the slave trade in 1807. Probably three-quarters of all European slaving ships at this period left from Liverpool. Overall, Liverpool ships transported half of the three million Africans carried across the Atlantic by British slavers. Conditions On BoardConditions on board ship from Africa to the New World were appalling. The combination of over-crowding, disease, inadequate food, poor weather, unseaworthy ships, rebellion and punishment took a heavy toll on captives and crew alike. Surviving records suggest that until the 1750s one in five Africans on board ship died. Male slaves were packed together below deck and were secured by leg irons. The space was so cramped they were forced to crouch or lie down. Women and children were kept in separate quarters, sometimes on deck, allowing them limited freedom of movement, but this also exposed them to violence and sexual abuse from the crew. Some European governments, such as the British and French, introduced laws to control conditions on board. They reduced the numbers of slaves to be carried and required a surgeon to be taken on each voyage. The principal reason for taking action was concern for the crew and not the captives. The surgeons, though often unqualified, were paid head-money to keep slaves alive. By about 1800 records show that the number of Africans who died had declined to about one in 18. Liverpool's Fortune
Profits could be huge: the ship Lively made a profit of 300% in 1737, although this was exceptional. Most ships could guarantee a 10% profit. In Liverpool, there were ten large merchant houses engaged in the slave trade and 349 smaller firms. Shop windows displayed shining chains and manacles, devices to force open the mouths of slaves who refused to eat, neck rings, thumb screws and other implements of torment and oppression. Not all of Liverpool's wealth was thanks to the slave trade, but it was undoubtedly the backbone of the town's prosperity. Slaving and related trades may have occupied a third and possibly a half of Liverpool's shipping activity in the period 1750 to 1807. The wealth acquired by the town was substantial and the stimulus it gave to trading and industrial development throughout the north-west of England and the Midlands was of crucial importance. Slave merchants such as Foster Cunliffe made a fortune. He was mayor of the city three times and President of the Liverpool Infirmary and a sponsor of the Bluecoat School. When he wasn't exercising his philanthropic impulses, he sent three or four ships to collect African slaves each year in the 1730s. Before his death, Foster Cunliffe had ensured his son Ellis a seat in parliament. Other families such as the Leylands, Bolds and Kennions prospered in a similar way. Defending the slave trade in the British Parliament in 1806, Liverpool's MP, General Bonastre Tarleton, himself from a slave-owning family, described with pride Liverpool's rise 'to become the second place in wealth and population in the British Empire'. During the same debate, William Roscoe and William Wilberforce worked on behalf of the Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade and were adamant that 'nothing short of an entire and immediate abolition will satisfy'. The Parliamentary vote resulted in the abolition of slavery in Britain the following year. The last British slaver, The Kitty Amelia, under captain Hugh Crow, a one-eyed Manxman, left Liverpool in July, 1807. After the slave tradeAfter abolition in Britain in 1807 Liverpool continued to develop the trading connections which had been established by the slave trade, both in Africa and the Americas. It continued to grow and prosper as a maritime port well into the 20th Century, until sea trade declined internationally and the demand for new ships from the Mersey shipyards reduced to such a level that they are now closed. Very little acknowledged evidence of Liverpool's slave trade survives in the city today, considering how many lives were traded by its merchants. The Maritime Museum with its gallery detailing the city's role in the trade stands on the corner of Albert Dock. Built in 1841, the dock is next to the former entrance of Canning Dock, Liverpool's first dock used by the slave ships and today filled in and known as Canning Place. Two dry docks used to repair slave ships from the 1750s until the end of the trade are still used today by the Maritime Museum. Aside from this, some buildings of the era survive scattered around the town. The Bluecoats School, founded and funded by slave merchants, is now an arts centre. At the Pier Head, buildings resonant of the British Empire such as the Liver Building dominate a landscape whose wealth was built with the slave ships that once docked just a few hundred yards away.
Liverpool In Pictures - Site Search
Further Information
National Museums Liverpool Blog
Hello there. Well today I am going to speak about interpretation and art (bear with
me here). There were many difficult decisions taken whilst planning the International
Slavery Museum, some on the design of the building, the way we displayed exhibits
and indeed the content. It was challenging but at the same time exciting and
satisfying to think you can shape such an important project.
I believe that on the whole we made the right decisions when planning the International
Slavery Museum. I also agree with people who contact me about the content, and
say that there is room for expansion in some areas as well as the need for myself,
and my team, to be receptive to new information, and indeed revise information due
to new research or new methods of interpretation. Interpretation is big news
in the museum world. The forthcoming Museums
Association Conference will be laden with it.
Interpretation in museums was something I covered when I studied Archaeological Theory
at the University of Liverpool (the word theory often made some of the undergrads
recoil in horror) focusing on how communities engaged with their local and national
heritage and indeed how they viewed and interpreted the past. As part of my research
I spent many hours in the former Transatlantic
Slavery Gallery. In fact I sent the odd enquiry about certain exhibits to
people who are now my colleagues.
As well as working with Black communities here in the UK I also spent time in the
United States focusing on the way African American communities engaged with local
archaeological projects. From New York, where I visited the African
Burial Ground to Ransom Place in Indianapolis. I
also went over to Nevada which meant I spent three days on the California Zephyr. A
great way to see the country and meet some characters. There is no substitute
from visiting somewhere so that you can experience it for yourself.
So here is the arty bit! My artistic side was awakened this weekend when I went
to see some of the installations which are part of the Liverpool
Biennial. I live in the city centre and whilst walking past what I thought was
a derelict warehouse I saw a carousel, yes, I did say carousel. I like to think
of myself as an art aficionado (no laughing please) so I went to take a look inside. I
ended up signing a waiver to have a quick ride on it! It was the work of an Argentinean
artist which was ?an artistic question about the constancy of everyday life?. Just
what I thought (honest) whilst sitting in an armchair, going round on a carousel in
a warehouse. There were a number of other installations too. I was particularly
taken by the margarine tubs. I love the idea of art being open to the masses
so have a look round the city; you never know what you will stumble across.
Bye for now.
Another month, another competition and another prize in our 'name
that object' competition. Actually, it's the same prize as last month - a set
of Beatles figures - but as so many people entered last time we figured they
were popular and are offering another set this month. First clue appears on Monday
morning (22nd). If you're keen to get your mitts on the figures you might
want to visit the John
Moores exhibition that starts this weekend and have a wander around the rest of
the gallery while you are there...
Don't forget that if you haven't sent in nominations yet for the 4th annual Black
History Month Achievers Awards then today is your last chance to do so - you can either
drop a form in or email it to the organisers, the Merseyside Black History Month Group.
Full details, downloadable nomination forms and the address to send them to are in
the Black
History Month section of the International Slavery Museum website (and please
don't forget your favourite venue when filling out the form!)
Full details of the events programme for this year's Black History Month at our venues
will be available on the website next week.
Hello there
Well I hope that many of you got to attend Slavery
Remembrance Day this year. Once again it was a very poignant day but at
the same time it had many positive and inspirational moments. There were
various performances which took place at the main event site at Otterspool which highlighted
the rich African cultures that have influenced so many aspects of life around the
world. Earlier in the day there had been a multi faith act of reflection
at St Nicholas Church and on the Thursday the poet and actor Lemn Sissay gave the
annual Slavery Remembrance Day lecture at the Town Hall.
Last week really was a particularly busy one. Not only did we have the Slavery
Remembrance events but the 23 August marked the first anniversary of the opening of
the International Slavery museum. And what a year it has been! Over
300, 000 visitors, international recognition, massive media exposure and a rich array
of high profile visitors such as Harry Belafonte; Jesse Jackson and Paul Robeson Jr
to name a few. To mark the occasion we launched We
Are One, an exhibition of celebration and reflection. If you have not managed
to visit the museum yet then now is the time to come. The exhibition will be in the
museum until January 09.
The 28th was a particularly exciting day as we welcomed the US
NBC Today Show programme as they were broadcasting live from the museum. The
Today Show has over 6 million viewers so it is great exposure for us in the US.
I was interviewed by Al Roker, TODAY
anchor and weatherman. He had been carrying out some research on his family
heritage which was part Bahamian and he wanted to visit Liverpool as it was central
to the transatlantic slave trade. I even contacted my family members in Guyana and
Canada just in case they could tune into the show. You
can watch the interview on the msnbc website (right after the advert for
a certain food chain).
Even though I have done quite a bit of media since I stared this job (I was on the
Dean Sullivan aka Jimmy Corkhill radio show last week!) I have only done one other
live TV programme for a local station, not one seen by so many viewers. Come
to think of it, in the opening week of the museum last year I was interviewed for
RAI TV in Italy which was apparently dubbed. The kind of embarrassing moment
I expect to see on You Tube one day!
There were quite a few members of the public watching today as the interview took
place right in the centre of the museum, it was pretty chaotic but people seemed to
find it interesting. With such a commotion going on I am sure they expected
to see someone famous rather than me although there was a round of applause when we
finished!
Bye for now.
We're cutting it a bit fine with the August 'name
that object' competition, but are launching it on Tuesday 26th August
(so the final clue will be on Saturday 30th). The prize this month is this fab
but vaguely surreal set of Beatles figures. I say surreal because, as you may have
noticed, there's a crocodile on stage with them. The figures are 'straight from
the classic Beatles cartoon series' that launched in the US in 1965, and apparently
the croc featured in the series. The mind boggles.
Anyhoo, should you wish to give the Fab Four and their crocodilian friend a home you
first need to name the object from our collection. It's an artwork, with a new
detail being revealed each day for five days. Enter using the link on the competition
page.
Should you fail to win I'm reliably informed that you can buy these sets in the World
Museum Liverpool giftshop where they are on sale as part of the The
Beat Goes On exhibition.
Hello there.
Well I visited Ireland for the second time this year but this time the South, Dublin
to be precise. It was for WAC-6 which
I know sounds like a 60s TV space drama but it is in fact the World Archaeological
Congress. In fact come to think of it some of you might be wishing I was now going
to talk about a 60s TV space drama! If not, keep reading.
Now at first you might be thinking what is the connection between archaeology and
museums? Well in the case of the International Slavery Museum we believe that archaeological
research can help us further understand what life might have been like on some of
the many plantations in the Americas. For instance within the Enslavement
and Middle Passage Gallery we have a replica of a plantation in St Kitts where Dr
Rob Philpott, Head of Archaeology here at NML has carried out fieldwork for a
number of years.
I was part of a session on 'Archaeologists, Museums, Monuments and Anti-Monuments'
(academics love long titles!) which I co organised with some old friends from the
US, Professor Bob Paynter from UMASS and Dr Warren Perry from CCSU. I met Bob and
Warren in 2002 when I was researching for my PhD in Archaeology. Bob has worked on
the WEB Du Bois
boyhood site for a number of years. Du Bois was a major figure who wrote
The Souls of Black Folk a classic work of American literature and is quite rightly
on our Black Achievers Wall. I visited a number of African American archaeological
sites when I was over there; including the African
Burial Ground in New York City which Warren worked on as did another session participant
Michael Blakey.
I have to say that the session went really well (no heckling or people falling asleep
is a good start in my book) and included some fascinating papers. One was given by
Daryle Rigney, Yunggorendi First Nations Centre, Flinders University with the interesting
title - 'Encountering the Common Knobby Club Rush: reconciliation, public art and
whiteness'. For those of you like me who are not experts on Australian plant life
a knobby club rush is a plant which grows along the coastline and was used in the
paper to symbolize how indigenous
cultures, like this resilient plant, did not break under the force of the prevailing
wind, in this case represented by European settlers and their early encounters with
the indigenous population, in an already occupied land. Truly fascinating. Another
interesting few days in a consistently interesting job.
There's just a few days left to submit your application for one of the 10 Creative
Apprenticeships on offer. A number of Merseyside-based cultural organisations, including
National Museums Liverpool, are involved in a project to foster emerging talent
and give young hopefuls a solid grounding in the arts and culture industry.
By the end of the year-long apprenticeship you'll have earned a Level 2 Certificate
in Creative and Cultural Practice, and a Level 2 National Award in Community Arts
Management, but perhaps more importantly you'll have developed the skills and contacts
you'll need for a career in the industry.
More details are available on the Creative
Partnerships Liverpool website.
Claire Olson summarises National Volunteers Week, and thanks all the willing souls
who help out here.
Last week the Volunteers Team were out and about at different venues and events in
the North West promoting volunteering opportunities at NML.
During the week we met with lots of people who are keen ?volunteers in the making?
and eager to find out more. We also received lots of positive feedback about our museums,
with many families telling us how much they enjoyed visiting! We also welcomed the
launch of Mersey v?s; our new Young Persons' Steering Group, who will be championing
volunteering across NML.
National Volunteers Week may only come once a year, but we would like to take this
opportunity to thank our volunteers for all their support and hard work throughout
the whole year ? their positive involvement is much appreciated ? as acknowledged
by our director, Dr David Fleming:
?I have nothing but praise for volunteers, who devote their own time to helping make
museums more popular and accessible. Volunteer effort is often overlooked, but without
volunteers most museums would provide an immeasurably poorer public service.?
If you wish to find out more about becoming a volunteer at NML please contact the
Volunteer Team on 0151 478 4775 or volunteerenquiries@liverpoolmuseums.org.uk and
keep an eye on the blog for more volunteer updates coming soon!
From the Canopy Walkway to Wembley Way The sign reads: Atta Rainforest Camp. Iwokrama Canopy Walkway. Dedicated this day July 9 2005. To celebrate the 15th anniversary of the Iwokrama International Centre founded by the Government of Guyana and the Commonwealth Secretariat. Designed and constructed by Colin Edwards and the people of the northern Rupununi.
Hello there The picture also proves two things. One that I did actually visit the rainforest and two that I am a Leeds United fan! Not something that everyone normally brags about but to me it is more than just shouting at a group of overpaid men running around a field. No, it is about passion, belonging and indeed heritage. You might think these are bold statements but let me expand. My family history is something I am both interested in and proud. My Guyanese and Yorkshire parents, my friends, my hometown and the environment I grew up in have shaped to a great degree my view of the world. My brother and most of my friends were Leeds fans, so it was natural for me to follow in their footsteps; it made me feel part of a larger group with a shared passion. But Leeds United?s ground, Elland Road, in the early 80s in particular was a haven of racist abuse and bigotry, often aimed at opposing Black and Asian players and fans: http://www.kickitout.org/. Sometimes I would feel very uncomfortable when hundreds of people all chanted something racist but at the same time I refused to leave or walk away. I am a firm believer that there is no place that Black and minority ethnic individuals should not be. There are no enclaves which we should not share. I am proud to be a Yorkshireman, and even though we were rubbish in the recent League One play offs at Wembley, I am a loyal Leeds fan. It is part of my very rich and diverse heritage. It has also been very satisfying that at the very core of Leeds United teams in the past few years have been a number of Black players. For instance, the South African player Lucas Radebe is still idolized at Leeds even though he stopped playing several years ago. Interestingly he used to play for a team called Kaizer Chiefs in South Africa, a name I am sure is well known by many music aficionados (the band really are Leeds United supporters!). What is an uncomfortable juxtaposition though is how some people chant his name but might also come out with a racist comment. I have not yet quite managed to get to grips with this concept. The International Slavery Museum looks to show how people of the African Diaspora, including footballers, have shaped the world and achieved in all sorts of fields and disciplines: http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/ism/black_achievers_wall.asp. For me, however illogical and infuriating it can be, watching a game of football and feeling like I have as much right to be there as anyone else, is part of that. Watch this space. June's name that object competition The eagle eyed amongst you may have noticed that there wasn't a May Name That Object competition. We were rather busy with the redesign for the main site (check it out if you've not already) and it kind of took a back seat. Anyway, June's is now up with the first clue available here. As ever you need to figure out which object from our collections (and our website) the detail is from and email us the answer using the contact link on the competition page. There's a new clue every day this week. We've had lots of enquiries from people wanting to buy the Art In The Age of Steam exhibition catalogue so that's this month's prize. Good luck. From the Albert Dock to Guyana Hello there Well I am pleased to announce my return to the world of blogging. The last time I wrote a blog post was way back in October. So what have I been doing since then? Well the answer is plenty! First if all let me give you an update about the museum. We have had a fantastic response to the museum, from the public, museum professionals, academics and most importantly the local community. To date we have had upwards of 210,000 visitors. This is higher than we expected and we will hopefully exceed our annual forecast. We realise that there is still much work to do but in a way there always should be for a museum. We aim to be receptive to ideas, comments and indeed criticisms but we truly believe we are a living and breathing museum and as such updating; revising and changing information as well as views and theories is part of that process. Quite a lot of my time has been spent on putting together various strategies and policies for the museum. This means that I have been having regular meetings with colleagues from various departments, as well as Angela Robinson - the curator of transatlantic slavery who is the person who looks after the museum collections. Angela quite rightly gets mad when I am sometimes referred to as the curator of the museum in the newspaper or on radio. But I always bring her a small present back from my travels to stay in her good books! One of those policies is our new collecting policy. Not only do we aim to keep collecting archives and ephemera which relate to transatlantic slavery but we are looking to expand our collections into new areas. For instance, we already have in the museum a number of African American objects, what are often called ?Black Americana?, objects such as prints, books, toys, games, ornaments or various household memorabilia, often produced from the 1920s through the 1950s in America. Some of these are on display in the Legacy gallery at the museum. Many of these objects depict racist stereotypical images and can be extremely offensive in their nature. We feel it is important though to highlight how these objects and images were used, and indeed tolerated, in popular recent culture. What we are now looking to do is increase our Black British memorabilia collections. Again, some of these objects are very disturbing but we also aim to collect uplifting aspects of Black British life. If someone has an object that they feel we would be interested in please contact us here at the International Slavery Museum. Another policy we have been developing is our international policy. As an internationally recognized museum we understand the need for us to build collaborations with a number of different countries, especially those who, like Britain, played a central role in transatlantic slavery. As part of this policy I was recently in Guyana for the Commonwealth Association of Museums conference on ?Museums and Diversity?. I gave a paper titled ?The International Slavery Museum: an active campaigner?. I wanted to draw attention in the paper not only to the fact that we want to work with museums in other countries, but how I see the museum as actively campaigning against contemporary forms of racism and discrimination as well as forms of contemporary slavery and bonded labour. This makes us an active museum, not a neutral one, and I challenge those that think we should be. I also got to meet Dr Frank Anthony - the Minister for Culture, Youth and Sport. We talked about ways that we could link with museum and heritage institutions in Guyana, a country which we mention many times in the International Slavery Museum but which until 1966 was called British Guiana. There are many links between Liverpool and Guyana. One of them being that the family of four times Prime Minister William Gladstone owned a plantation near a town called Vreed-en-Hoop in a region of British Guiana called Demerara, a word which is now synonymous with brown sugar around the world. It was a very positive meeting and from it came an official invitation to participate in CARIFESTA. We even managed to make the national press. The picture is probably the worst ever taken of me though! Along with other delegates of the conference I managed to visit Iwokrama, a rainforest conservation and development centre. It aims to show how tropical forests can be conserved and sustained providing social, ecological and economic benefits to communities locally and indeed internationally. On the second day we were told we would be going on a short hike up a very small mountain. Alarm bells began to ring at the mention of the word mountain. Anyway, 2 hours and a lot of puffing and panting later I reached the top of Turtle Mountain. It was well worth the effort with beautiful views of pristine rainforest and the Essequibo River.
So I am pleased to say that the museum is a great success and there are some very
exciting, as well as challenging, times ahead. Thanks again to all of you who
have visited the museum, and for those who have not had the chance, I hope you can
make it soon. Watch this space. Recruitment open day Our trading arm, NML Trading, is holding a Recruitment Open Day on Saturday 10th May. They're looking to recruit Team Leaders, Catering Assistants, Venue Supervisors, Chefs and Banqueting staff. They're looking for people who are passionate about catering for their daytime operation plus occasional evening work. You'll be working in Liverpool?s world class museums, providing high quality food and refreshments to over two million visitors each year. To find out more about the roles on offer, bring your CV to World Museum Liverpool, William Brown Street, Liverpool between 10.30am and 4.30pm. We remember Ken Saro-Wiwa Living Memorial to Ken Sara-Wiwa outside the International Slavery Museum Today is the last day to catch the Living Memorial to Ken Saro-Wiwa outside the International Slavery Museum. The 12ft high and 18ft long Nigerian steel bus, created by artist Sokari Douglas-Camp CBE, is carved with a direct quotation from Ken Saro-Wiwa. The quotation ?I ACCUSE THE OIL COMPANIES OF PRACTISING GENOCIDE AGAINST THE OGONI? is accompanied by the names of Saro-Wiwa and his eight colleagues who were executed on 10 November 1995 following their campaign to stop the environmental devastation of the Ogoni area of the Niger Delta in Nigeria by multinational oil companies. Dance the Guns to Silence, an evening of poetry, music and activism will be held at the Sara-Wiwa bar in the Liverpool Guild of Students from 8pm tonight. April's name that object competition Today is day one in April's Name That Object competition and here is today's clue. To win a copy of the rather nice catalogue that accompanies the Art In The Age of Steam exhibition all you have to do is identify the object in question (it's an artwork this month) from the clues given every day this week, and email us your answer using the link on the competition page. Best of British. International Slavery Museum shortlisted for tourism award Here's some great news to start the week with, the International Slavery Museum has been shortlisted in the 'Large Visitor Attraction of the Year' category in The Mersey Partnership Annual Tourism Awards 2008. The winner will be announced at the end of May. If you haven't made it over to the museum yet to see what all the fuss is about this is a great week to go, as the Living Memorial to Nigerian activist and writer Ken Saro-Wiwa will be visiting from 23 to 25 April as part of Celebrate Earth Week 2008. There's also a talk at the museum with the artist who created the memorial, Sokari Douglas Camp, on Thursday 24 April at 2pm.
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